diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'cpp')
| -rw-r--r-- | cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/Client.cpp | 185 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/FDL | 397 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/LICENSE | 3 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/coeur.utf16le | bin | 0 -> 29716 bytes | |||
| -rwxr-xr-x | cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/coeur.utf8 | 208 |
5 files changed, 724 insertions, 69 deletions
diff --git a/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/Client.cpp b/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/Client.cpp index c46fc448e7d..66d8ff8b48c 100644 --- a/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/Client.cpp +++ b/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/Client.cpp @@ -14,89 +14,136 @@ using namespace IceUtil; using namespace std; +// +// Note that each file starts with a BOM; stringToWstring and wstringToString +// converts these BOMs back and forth. +// int main(int, char**) { - cout << "testing string/wstring conversion... "; - - string arabic = "لماذا لا يتكلمون اللّغة العربية فحسب؟"; - - wstring warabic = stringToWstring(arabic); - test(warabic.length() == 37); - - string arabic2 = wstringToString(warabic); - test(arabic2.length() == arabic.length()); - test(arabic2 == arabic); - - string japanese = "なぜ、みんな日本語を話してくれないのか？"; - - wstring wjapanese = stringToWstring(japanese); - test(wjapanese.length() == 20); - - string japanese2 = wstringToString(wjapanese); - test(japanese2.length() == japanese.length()); - test(japanese2 == japanese); + ostringstream os; + os << "utf" << sizeof(wchar_t) * 8; +#ifdef ICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN + os << "le"; +#else + os << "be"; +#endif + string wstringEncoding = os.str(); + string wcoeurFile = string("coeur.") + wstringEncoding; - cout << "ok" << endl; - - cout << "ditto, but with random unicode text... "; - - ifstream numeric("numeric.txt"); - test(numeric.good()); - wstring wrandom; - while(numeric) { - int c; - numeric >> c; - if(numeric) + cout << "testing UTF-8 to wstring (" << wstringEncoding << ") conversion..."; + + ifstream is("coeur.utf8"); + test(is.good()); + ifstream bis(wcoeurFile.c_str(), ios_base::binary); + test(bis.good()); + + int lineNumber = 0; + + do { - wrandom += static_cast<wchar_t>(c); - } + string line; + getline(is, line, '\n'); + lineNumber++; + wstring wline = stringToWstring(line); + + for(size_t i = 0; i < wline.length(); ++i) + { + wchar_t wc = wline[i]; + const char* buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&wc); + for(int j = 0; j < sizeof(wchar_t); ++j) + { + test(bis.good()); + char c; + bis.get(c); + if(buffer[j] != c) + { + cerr << "Error at line " << lineNumber << " column " << i << endl; + cerr << "buffer[j] == " << hex << (int)static_cast<unsigned char>(buffer[j]) << endl; + cerr << "c == " << hex << (int)static_cast<unsigned char>(c) << endl; + } + test(buffer[j] == c); + } + } + // + // Skip newline character (Unix-style newline) + // + if(is.good()) + { + for(int j = 0; j < sizeof(wchar_t); ++j) + { + test(bis.good()); + char c; + bis.get(c); + } + } + else + { + char c; + bis.get(c); + test(bis.eof()); + } + } while(is.good()); + + cout << "ok" << endl; } - numeric.close(); - ifstream utf8("utf8.txt"); - test(utf8.good()); - string random; - while(utf8) { - char c; - utf8.get(c); - if(utf8) - { - random += c; - } - } - utf8.close(); + cout << "wstring (" << wstringEncoding << ") to UTF-8 conversion..."; - string random2 = wstringToString(wrandom); - wstring wrandom2 = stringToWstring(random); + ifstream bis(wcoeurFile.c_str(), ios_base::binary); + test(bis.good()); -/* - unsigned int i; + wstring ws; + char c; - ofstream numeric2("numeric2.txt"); - for(i = 0; i < wrandom2.length(); ++i) - { - numeric2 << static_cast<int>(wrandom2[i]) << '\n'; - } - numeric2.close(); + do + { + wchar_t wc; + char* buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&wc); + + for(int j = 0; j < sizeof(wchar_t); ++j) + { + if(!bis.good()) + { + break; + } + bis.get(c); + buffer[j] = c; + } + + if(bis.good()) + { + ws.push_back(wc); + } + } while(bis.good()); + + string s = wstringToString(ws); + + ifstream nbis("coeur.utf8", ios_base::binary); + test(nbis.good()); + + for(size_t i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i) + { + test(nbis.good()); + nbis.get(c); + char ci = s[i]; + + if(c != ci) + { + cerr << "i == " << i << endl; + cerr << "ci == " << hex << (int)static_cast<unsigned char>(ci) << endl; + cerr << "c == " << hex << (int)static_cast<unsigned char>(c) << endl; + } + test(c == s[i]); + } + test(!nbis.eof()); + nbis.get(c); + test(nbis.eof()); - ofstream utf82("utf82.txt"); - for(i = 0; i < random2.length(); ++i) - { - utf82.put(random2[i]); + cout << "ok" << endl; } - utf82.close(); -*/ - - test (random2.length() == random.length()); - test (wrandom2.length() == wrandom.length()); - - test (random2 == random); - test (wrandom2 == wrandom); - - cout << "ok" << endl; return EXIT_SUCCESS; } diff --git a/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/FDL b/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/FDL new file mode 100755 index 00000000000..4a0fe1c8dee --- /dev/null +++ b/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/FDL @@ -0,0 +1,397 @@ + GNU Free Documentation License + Version 1.2, November 2002 + + + Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + +0. 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+under the GNU Free Document License version 1.2 (see FDL file).
+
diff --git a/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/coeur.utf16le b/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/coeur.utf16le Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000000..decb1ac6f74 --- /dev/null +++ b/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/coeur.utf16le diff --git a/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/coeur.utf8 b/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/coeur.utf8 new file mode 100755 index 00000000000..dd14658a92f --- /dev/null +++ b/cpp/test/IceUtil/unicode/coeur.utf8 @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +{{voir homonymes}} +Le '''cœur''' est un [[organe]] creux et [[muscle|musculaire]] qui assure la [[circulation sanguine|circulation du sang]] en pompant le [[sang]] par des contractions rythmiques vers les [[vaisseau sanguin|vaisseaux sanguins]] et les cavités du corps d'un animal. Le mot '''cardiaque''' veut dire « qui a rapport avec le cœur » ; il vient du mot [[Langue grecque|grec]] ''cardia'', « cœur », de la racine indo-européenne ''[[*kērd]]''. + +Le cœur est le centre du [[Circulation sanguine|système circulatoire]]. + +== Le cœur humain == +=== Structure === + +<!--[[image:heart-and-lungs.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Le coeur et les [[poumon|poumons]] (tirée d'une ancienne version de '''Gray's Anatomy''')]]--> + +Dans le [[corps humain]], le cœur se situe un peu à gauche du centre du [[thorax]], en arrière du [[sternum]]. C'est un organe creux mû par un [[muscle]], le [[myocarde]], et enrobé du [[péricarde]] (''pericardium'') ; il est entouré par les [[poumon]]s. + +Le cœur d'un adulte pèse de 300 à 350 [[gramme]]s. Il consiste en quatre chambres : les ''atria'' ou ''oreillettes'' en haut, et les ''ventricules'' en bas. + +<center>[[image:coeur-et-poumons.jpg|500px|Le cœur et les poumons]]</center> + +Un mur musculaire épais, le ''septum'', divise l'atrium et le ventricule gauche de l'atrium et le ventricule droit, évitant le passage de sang entre les deux moitiés du cœur. Des [[valve cardiaque|valve]]s entre les oreillettes et les ventricules assurent le passage unidirectionnel coordonné du sang depuis les atria vers les ventricules. + +Les [[ventricule]]s ont pour fonction de pomper le sang vers le corps ou vers les poumons. Leurs parois sont plus épaisses que celles des atria, et la contraction des ventricules est plus importante pour la distribution du sang. + +{| border="0" +| +[[Image:Heart numlabels.png|300px|center]] +| +# Oreillette droite +# Oreillette gauche +# [[Veine cave|Veine cave supérieure]] +# [[Aorte]] +# [[Artère pulmonaire]] +# Veine pulmonaire +# [[Valve cardiaque|Valve mitrale]] +# [[Valve cardiaque|Valve aortique]] +# [[Ventricule|Ventricule gauche]] +# [[Ventricule|Ventricule droit]] +# [[Veine cave|Veine cave inférieure]] +# [[Valve cardiaque|Valve tricuspide]] +# [[Valve cardiaque|Valve sigmoïde (pulmonaire)]] +|} + + +Du sang appauvrit en [[oxygène]] par son passage dans le corps entre dans l'atrium droit par deux [[veine]]s, la [[Veine cave|veine cave supérieure]] (''vena cava superior'') et la [[Veine cave|veine cave inférieure]] (''vena cava inferior''). Le sang passe ensuite vers le ventricule droit. Celui-ci le pompe vers les poumons par l'[[artère pulmonaire]] (''arteria pulmonalis''). + +Après avoir perdu son [[dioxyde de carbone]] aux poumons et s'y être pourvu d'oxygène, le sang passe par les [[veine pulmonaire|veines pulmonaires]] (''venae pulmonales'') vers l'oreillette gauche. De là le sang oxygéné entre dans le ventricule gauche. Celui-ci est la chambre pompante principale, ayant pour but d'envoyer le sang par l'[[aorte]] (''aorta'') vers toutes les parties du corps sauf les poumons. + +Le ventricule gauche est bien plus massif que le droit parce qu'il doit exercer une force considérable pour forcer le sang à traverser tout le corps contre la pression corporelle, tandis que le ventricule droit ne dessert que les poumons. + +Bien que les ventricules se trouvent en bas des atria, les deux vaisseaux par lesquels le sang quitte le cœur (l'artère pulmonaire et l'aorte) se trouvent en haut du cœur. + +La paroi du cœur est composée de muscle qui ne se fatigue pas. Elle consiste en trois couches distinctes. La première est l'[[épicarde]] (''epicardium'') qui se compose d'une couche de [[cellule épithéliale|cellules épithéliales]] et de [[tissu conjonctif]]. La deuxième est l'épais [[myocarde]] (''myocardium'') ou muscle cardiaque. À l'intérieur se trouve l'[[endocarde]] (''endocardium''), une couche additionnelle de cellules épithéliales et de tissu conjonctif. + +Le cœur a besoin d'une quantité importante de sang, offerte par les [[artère coronaire|artères coronaires]] gauche et droite (''arteriae coronariae''), des embranchements de l'aorte. + +===La révolution cardiaque=== + +<div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:center;">[[Image:systole-atria.png]]<br /><small>''Systole auriculaire''</small><br />[[Image:systole-ventricules.png]]<br /><small>''Systole ventriculaire''</small></div> + +Chaque battement du cœur entraîne une séquence d'événements collectivement appelés la ''révolution cardiaque.'' Celle-ci consiste en trois étapes majeures : la ''[[systole]] auriculaire'', la ''systole ventriculaire'' et la ''[[diastole]]''. + +* Au cours de la '''systole auriculaire''', les oreillettes se contractent et éjectent du sang vers les ventricules (remplissage actif). Une fois le sang expulsé des oreillettes, les ''valves auriculo-ventriculaires'' entre les oreillettes et les ventricules se ferment. Ceci évite un reflux du sang vers les oreillettes. La fermeture de ces valves produit le son familier du battement du cœur. + +* La '''systole ventriculaire''' implique la contraction des ventricules, expulsant le sang vers le système circulatoire. Une fois le sang expulsé, les deux ''valves sigmoïdes'' - la ''valve pulmonaire'' à droite et la ''valve aortique'' à gauche - se ferment. Ainsi le sang ne reflue pas vers les ventricules. La fermeture des valvules sigmoïdes produit un deuxième bruit cardiaque plus aigu que le premier. Pendant cette systole les oreillettes maintenant relâchées, se remplissent de sang. + +* Enfin, la '''diastole''' est la relaxation de toutes les parties du cœur, permettant le remplissage (passif) des ventricules et l'arrivée de nouveau sang. + +Le coeur passe 1/3 du temps en systole et 2/3 en diastole. + +L'expulsion rythmique du sang provoque le [[pouls]] qu'on peut tâter. + +===Régulation du cycle cardiaque=== + +Le muscle cardiaque est ''myogénique''. Ceci veut dire qu'à la différence du [[muscle]] squelettique, qui a besoin d'un stimulus conscient ou réflexe, le muscle cardiaque s'excite lui-même. Les contractions rythmiques se produisent spontanément, bien que leur fréquence puisse être affectée par des influences nerveuses ou hormonales telles l'exercice ou la perception de danger. + +La séquence rythmique des contractions est coordonnée par une dépolarisation (inversion de la polarité électrique de la membrane par passage actif d'ions à travers celle-ci) du ''[[nœud sinusal]]'' ou ''nœud de Keith et Flack'' (''nodus sinuatrialis'') situé dans la paroi supérieure de l'atrium droit. Le courant électrique induit, de l'ordre du microvolt, est transmis dans l'ensemble des oreillettes et passe dans les ventricules par l'intermédiaire du nœud auriculo-ventriculaire. Il se propage dans le septum par ''le [[faisceau de His]]'', constitué de fibres spécialisées appelées ''[[fibre de Purkinje|fibres de Purkinje]]'' et servant de filtre en cas d'activité trop rapide des oreillettes. Les fibres de Purkinje sont des fibres musculaires spécialisées permettant une bonne conduction électrique, ce qui assure la contraction simultanée des parois ventriculaires. Ce système électrique explique la régularité du rythme cardiaque et assure la coordination des contractions auriculo-ventriculaires. C'est cette activité électrique qui est analysée par des électrodes posées à la surface de la peau et qui constitue l'[[électrocardiogramme]] ou ECG. + +=== Maladies et traitements === + +Voir article : [[Maladie cardio-vasculaire]] + +L'étude des [[Cardiopathie|maladies du cœur]] s'appelle la [[cardiologie]]. Les maladies cardiaques primaires incluent : + +* La [[maladie coronarienne]] est une maladie des artères coronaires qui prive le muscle cardiaque d'oxygène. Réversible, elle peut causer une [[douleur thoracique]] sévère appelée [[angine de poitrine]] (''angina pectoris''). L'occlusion aiguë d'une artère provoque la mort des cellules du muscle cardiaque ([[infarctus du myocarde]]) +* L'[[insuffisance cardiaque]] est la perte progressive de la capacité du cœur d'assurer le débit sanguin. Elle se manifeste par une [[dyspnée]] (essouflement), par des œdèmes des membres inférieurs et peut aller jusqu'à l'[[œdème aigu du poumon]]. +* les [[valvulopathies cardiaques]] : atteinte des valves +* L'[[endocardite]] et la [[myocardite]] sont des [[inflammation]]s du cœur de cause bactérienne ou virale. +* L'[[Troubles du rythme cardiaque|arythmie du cœur]] est une irrégularité du battement du cœur. Un [[Troubles de la conduction cardiaque|trouble de conduction]] entraîne une bradycardie (ou cœur trop lent). +* L'[[Phlébite et embolie pulmonaire|embolie pulmonaire]] est l'obstruction d'une artère pulmonaire par un caillot. + +Si l'artère coronaire est bloquée ou rétrécie, on peut contourner le lieu affecté avec un [[pontage aorto-coronarien]], ou l'élargir avec une [[angioplastie]]. + +Les [[bêta-bloquant]]s sont des drogues qui ralentissent le battement du cœur et réduisent les besoins du cœur en oxygène. La [[nitroglycérine]] et d'autres composés qui émettent l'[[Protoxyde d'azote|oxyde nitrique]] sont utilisés dans le traitement des maladies cardiaques parce qu'ils provoquent la dilatation des vaisseaux coronaires. + +La première [[greffe de cœur]] fut effectuée à l'hôpital Groote Schuur au [[Le Cap|Cap]] ([[Afrique du Sud]]) le [[3 décembre]] [[1967]]. [[Lewis Washkansky]], 53 ans, reçut un cœur d'une jeune femme morte dans un accident routier. Il mourut 18 jours plus tard de [[pneumonie]]. L'équipe chirurgicale fut dirigée par [[Christiaan Barnard]]. En France, [[Emmanuel Vitria]] vécut de 1968 à 1987 avec un cœur greffé. + +===[[Premiers secours : gestes de première urgence|Premiers soins]]=== + +La défaillance du cœur, organe vital, peut nécessiter une prise en charge urgentissime : + +* L'[[Arrêt cardio-circulatoire|arrêt cardiaque]] est une [[urgence médicale]] absolue. Il se manifeste par un état dit de « mort subite » : une perte de connaissance totale avec arrêt de la [[ventilation pulmonaire|respiration]], et abolition des pouls, en particulier, carotidien (ce point ne constitue pas un élément fiable : avec le ''[[stress]]'', la personne cherchant à prendre le pouls sent parfois son propre pouls au bout des doigts). Dans 90 % des morts subites de l'adulte, le cœur est en [[fibrillation]] ventriculaire. Lorsque l'on est face d'un tel cas, il faut immédiatement [[premiers secours : alerte|appeler les secours]] : par [[téléphone]], en appelant le 112 dans l'[[Union européenne]], (en [[France]], préférer le 15, le [[Samu]]) (en [[Belgique]], le 100), (Au Canada, le 911) puis commencer immédiatement la [[réanimation cardio-respiratoire]] en attendant les secours, afin d'améliorer les chances de survie qui reposent sur une une prise en charge médicale très rapide pouvant permettre une défibrillation précoce. + +* La [[douleur thoracique]], un tant soit peu prololongé, peut être révélatrice d'un [[infarctus du myocarde]] dont le traitement de choix est la revascularisation la plus rapide possible de l'artère coronaire occluse. Là aussi, l'appel aux services médicaux d'urgences reste impératif au moindre doute. + +* Un malaise, un essoufflement important, des palpitations mal tolérées peuvent être révélateur d'une [[insuffisance cardiaque]] pouvant s'aggraver rapidement et justifie l'appel médical urgent. + +== Le cœur des autres animaux == + +=== Structure === + +La structure du cœur des autres [[mammifère]]s est semblable à celle de l'homme avec ses quatre chambres. Les [[oiseau]]x ont aussi un cœur à quatre chambres, bien qu'on croit que le leur ait évolué indépendamment du cœur des mammifères. + +Les [[amphibien]]s ont un cœur à trois chambres. Les [[poisson]]s ont un système circulatoire simple plutôt que double, ainsi qu'un cœur à deux chambres. Les cœurs des [[arthropode]]s et des [[mollusque]]s n'ont qu'une seule chambre. + +=== Battement du cœur === + +Des animaux plus petits ont en règle général un battement du cœur plus rapide. Les jeunes animaux ont un battement du cœur plus rapide que les adultes de la même espèce. + +Quelques fréquences cardiaques en fonction des espèces : +{| +|----- +| [[Baleine]] grise || 9 fois par minute +|----- +| [[Phoque]] commun +| 10 fois par minute (plongeant)<br />140 fois par minute (sur terre) + +|----- +| [[Éléphant]] || 25 fois par minute +|----- +| [[Être humain]] || 60-70 fois par minute +|----- +| [[Moineau]] || 500 fois par minute +|----- +| [[Musaraigne]] || 600 fois par minute +|----- +| [[Colibri]] || 1 200 fois par minute (en vol) +|} + +Il existe aussi un lien entre la longévité moyenne dans une espèce et la fréquence cardiaque dans cette espèce. Les espèces à cœur lent ont habituellement une plus grande longévité. + +==Autres considérations sur le cœur== +[[Image:Flower heart.jpg|thumb|right|Le cœur : symbole de l'amour]] +Le cœur n'est pas seulement un [[organe]] essentiel à la [[vie]], il représente aussi l'[[amour]]. (<font size=+2 color="red">♥</font>) Le cœur est le symbole de l'amour, on donne de façon métaphorique son cœur à la personne que l'on aime pour lui signifier qu'on lui confie sa vie. Ceci provient probablement de l'accélération cardiaque provoquées par l'émoi (le ''[[stress]]'') lorsque l'on pense à l'être aimé (du fait de l'élévation de la [[pression artérielle]], on sent battre le cœur dans sa poitrine, le cœur « bat la chamade »). + +En fait, le mot cœur désigne plus largement ce qui se trouve au centre (le cœur du problème, au cœur de la nuit...). Le cœur est symboliquement attaché à tout ce qu'il y a de plus important, de plus essentiel ; nous avons autant besoin de nos [[poumon]]s que de notre cœur pour vivre, mais il semblerait que ce dernier soit cependant infiniment plus important dans notre inconscient puisqu'il a acquis une place primordiale dans notre langue en représentant l'amour, la générosité, la franchise... + +Voici quelques expressions contenant le mot cœur : +* Avoir un cœur de pierre ; être sans cœur +* Avoir le cœur sur la main +* Avoir le cœur brisé +* En avoir gros sur le cœur +* De bon cœur +* À cœur ouvert +* Écouter son cœur +* Par cœur +* Être de tout cœur avec quelqu'un +* Avoir un haut le cœur + +== Voir aussi == +{{CommonsCat|Heart|cœur}} +=== Liens internes === + +* [[Pression artérielle]] + +=== Liens externes === +* [http://www.infovisual.info/03/062_fr.html Voir un schéma détaillé sur le cœur] + +{{Cœur}} +{{Portail médecine}} +{{lien AdQ|it}} + +[[catégorie:anatomie cardiaque]] + +[[ar:قلب]] +[[bg:Сърце]] +[[ca:Cor]] +[[cs:Srdce]] +[[da:Hjerte (organ)]] +[[de:Herz]] +[[en:Heart]] +[[eo:Koro]] +[[es:Corazón (órgano)]] +[[et:Süda]] +[[fa:قلب]] +[[fi:Sydän]] +[[gl:Corazón]] +[[he:לב]] +[[hr:Srce]] +[[id:Jantung]] +[[io:Kordio]] +[[it:Cuore]] +[[ja:心臓]] +[[ko:심장]] +[[ku:Dil]] +[[lt:Širdis]] +[[ms:Jantung]] +[[nl:Hart]] +[[nn:Hjarte]] +[[no:Hjerte]] +[[pl:Serce]] +[[pt:Coração]] +[[ru:Сердце]] +[[scn:Cori]] +[[simple:Heart]] +[[sk:Srdce]] +[[sl:Srce]] +[[sr:Срце]] +[[sv:Hjärta]] +[[th:หัวใจ]] +[[tr:Kalp]] +[[zh:心臟]] |